![]() ![]() This material was therefore used for calculations in the rest of the cost analysis unless stated otherwise. The electrode can be deposited via slot-die coating followed by annealing. Given that silver ink can produce a well-formed electrode layer, it presents the best compromise between easy deposition and low material cost. The carbon layer thickness should be close to 10 μm to achieve high efficiencies, (17) which would result in $22.7 for the HTL-free option 5 and $23.5 per m 2 with the addition of an HTL. Using an optimistic scenario of 2-μm thickness for the carbon layer, options 5 and 6 (Table 1) are the most expensive. ![]() (16) This means a much higher material requirement per m 2 of panel. ![]() (13−15) Despite this, the layer thickness of the carbon electrode is much higher than that required for metal electrodes ( Table S3), mainly due to its lower conductivity, with the thickness reaching up to 60 μm for the most efficient devices. The carbon-based back-contact, deposited as a carbon paste, could potentially remove the need of a hole transport layer (HTL). As purging and venting the vacuum chamber requires large amounts of time and energy, the thermal evaporation of metal electrodes is difficult to scale up, and it is uncertain whether it would be commercially viable. It is assumed that the metals are deposited via thermal evaporation, which takes place under high vacuum conditions. Finally, uncertainties related to assumptions used in the calculations are accounted for by sensitivity analysis through a Monte Carlo simulation of the PSC production and installation costs.Ĭomparing the different back-contact materials, chromium (10 nm) and copper (100 nm) are the cheapest options of those considered. Metrics such as minimum sustainable price (MSP, eq S1), LCOE, and EPBT were used to provide an idea of costs associated with the production and use of PSCs manufactured using the proposed process. A bottom-up cost modeling approach was used to determine the material and production costs of the PSCs. By careful selection of the materials, a configuration of the perovskite active layer viable for commercial-scale manufacture was identified. This production process was then scaled up and optimized to meet the needs of a moderate-sized commercial production facility. Hence, we designed a small-scale, automated pilot line for the manufacture of perovskite solar panels based on slot-dye coating of active layers, conducted partly under a nitrogen atmosphere. We decided to explore the possibility of designing a simple and efficient manufacturing process for PSC panels. ![]()
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